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A
troubadour was a composer and performer of songs during the High Middle Ages in Europe.The tradition began to flourish during the 11th century. The earliest troubadour whose work survives is Guilhem de Peitieus (Guillaume d'Aquitaine or
William IX of Aquitaine,
1071 - 1127). However, Peter Dronke, author of
The Medieval Lyric, notes that " songs represent not the beginnings of a tradition but summits of achievement in that tradition." Peter Dronke,
The Medieval Lyric, Perennial Library, 1968. p. 111. His name has been preserved because he was a Duke, but his work plays with already established structures;
Eble II of Ventadorn is often credited as a predecessor, though none of his work survives. The style flourished in the 11th century and was often imitated in the 13th. Many troubadours traveled for great distances, aiding in the transmission of trade and news.
The texts of troubadour songs deal mainly with themes of chivalry and
courtly love. Many songs addressed a married lover, perhaps due to the prevalence of arranged marriages at the time. The aubade formed a popular genre.
Etymology
) plays for an audience at a Renaissance fair in 2003.The etymology of the word troubadour is disputed. In general, the argument breaks into two camps.The literates in French argue that the root of the word can be found in the langue d'oc verb
trobar, 'to compose, invent, or devise'. (see all French Dictionnaries
Académie Française,
Larousse, Robert). Others posit an
Arabic (language) origin in the word
tarrab, 'to sing' (see María Rosa Menocal:
The culture of translation).
For the French linguists,
Troubadour derived from Occitan
trobador, literally means «finder», the one who finds after a research. The Occitan verb
trobar comes from vulgar Latin
tropare verbal form for
tropus «rhetoric, figure of speech», itself built on the Greek τρόπος «turn, manner».French Dictionnary, Petit Larrousse Illustré (1983)Defenders of a mediolatin origin of court poesy (Reto Bezzola, Peter Dronke) and musicologists (J. Chailley) support the idea that French verb
trouver (English
to find), properly means «inventing a trope». The trope is a speech where the words are used with a meaning different from their common signification, as a poetic use of metaphor and metonymy.This poem was originally inserted in a serial of modulations ending a liturgic song. Then the trope became an autonomous piece organized in stanza form. Troubadour (Observatoire de terminologie littéraire, Université de Limoges, France).
Some proponents of the second theory argue, on cultural grounds, that both etymologies may well be correct, and that there may have been a conscious poetic exploitation of the phonological coincidence between
trobar and the triliteral Arabic root TRB when sacred Islamic (sufi) musical forms focused on the love theme were first exported from
Al-Andalus, i.e. Moorish (Islamic) Spain, to Southern Europe. It has also been pointed out that the concepts of "finding", "music", "love", "ardour", i.e. the precise semantic field attached to the word troubadour, are allied in Arabic under a single root (WJD) that plays a major role in sufic discussions of music, and that the word troubadour may in part reflect this.See
Idries Shah,
The Sufis.
The word troubadour is used to designate poet-musicians who spoke the
langue d'oc; their style spread to the trouvères in the north of France, who spoke
langue d'oïl. This other form is really similar to the French verb
trouver meaning
to find, outpointing the relevance of the Latin etymology.
Works
, medieval Occitan troubadour from a
13th century manuscript of troubadour musicSome of the troubadours' works have survived, and is currently preserved in manuscripts known as
chansonniers (songbooks).Troubadours with surviving works include
Adam de la Halle, Bernart de Ventadorn, Arnaut Daniel and
Jaufré Rudel.
Troubadour songs were usually
monophony. Fewer than 300 melodies out of an estimated 2500
The Grove Concise Dictionary of Music edited by Stanley Sadie. Macmillan Press Ltd., London. survive—most of which were composed by the troubadours themselves. Other troubadours set their poems to already existing pieces of music; Raimbaut de Vaqueyras wrote his
Kalenda maya (The Calends of May) to music composed by jongleurs at Montferrat. Troubadours sing tales of bravery and stories about life and death. The most common kinds of songs that they have sang are; morning songs, political poems, dirges, and disputes. There favorite kinds of song to sing are courtly love, war, and nature.
Troubadours usually followed some form of "rules", illustrated in
Leys d'amors (compiled in
1340). The commonly used verse form of the troubadours was the
canso, consisting of five or six
stanzas with an envoi. Other variances of verse form seen in surviving works include
- Dansa, or balada, a dance song with a refrain
- Pastorela, telling the tale of the love request by a knight to a shepherdess
- alba (poetry) (morning song), lovers are warned by a watchman that morning approaches and that their spouse may discover them.
- Escondig, a lover's apology
- Gap, a challenge, similar to sports teams chants today
- Planh(plank), a lament
- Sirventes, a satire poem devised to a melody
- Descort, discordant in verse form or feeling
- Trobar clus, a cryptic poem.
- Jeu parti, tenso, partimen or débat, a poem in the form of a debate (usually on love) between two poets
The
poetical debate (Occitan literature) often extended beyond the confines of a single poem. A difficult question of love or social behaviour, raised by one poet, would frequently arouse replies and commentaries by others.
Similar art forms and artists
A complementary role was filled at the same period by performers known as
joglares in Occitan,
jongleurs in French (minstrels in English). Jongleurs are often addressed in troubadour lyrics. Their profession was that of popular entertainer; as such jongleurs sometimes performed troubadour compositions but more often other genres, notably
Chanson de geste (epic narratives).
The German Minnesingers are closely related to, and inspired by, troubadours, but have distinctive features of their own.
Troubadou in
Haiti culture, is a form of music that preceded
Kompa and is currently going through a revival.
See also
References
External links
- Literary Encyclopedia - Troubadour
- Troubadour Poetry: An Intercultural Experience, by Said I. Abdelwahed
A
troubadour was a composer and performer of songs during the
High Middle Ages in Europe.The tradition began to flourish during the
11th century. The earliest troubadour whose work survives is Guilhem de Peitieus (Guillaume d'Aquitaine or
William IX of Aquitaine, 1071 - 1127). However, Peter Dronke, author of
The Medieval Lyric, notes that " songs represent not the beginnings of a tradition but summits of achievement in that tradition." Peter Dronke,
The Medieval Lyric, Perennial Library, 1968. p. 111. His name has been preserved because he was a Duke, but his work plays with already established structures;
Eble II of Ventadorn is often credited as a predecessor, though none of his work survives. The style flourished in the 11th century and was often imitated in the 13th. Many troubadours traveled for great distances, aiding in the transmission of trade and news.
The texts of troubadour songs deal mainly with themes of
chivalry and
courtly love. Many songs addressed a married lover, perhaps due to the prevalence of arranged marriages at the time. The
aubade formed a popular
genre.
Etymology
) plays for an audience at a Renaissance fair in 2003.The etymology of the word troubadour is disputed. In general, the argument breaks into two camps.The literates in French argue that the root of the word can be found in the
langue d'oc verb
trobar, 'to compose, invent, or devise'. (see all French Dictionnaries Académie Française,
Larousse, Robert). Others posit an Arabic (language) origin in the word
tarrab, 'to sing' (see María Rosa Menocal:
The culture of translation).
For the French linguists,
Troubadour derived from Occitan
trobador, literally means «finder», the one who finds after a research. The Occitan verb
trobar comes from vulgar Latin
tropare verbal form for
tropus «rhetoric, figure of speech», itself built on the Greek τρόπος «turn, manner».French Dictionnary, Petit Larrousse Illustré (1983)Defenders of a mediolatin origin of court poesy (Reto Bezzola, Peter Dronke) and musicologists (J. Chailley) support the idea that French verb
trouver (English
to find), properly means «inventing a trope». The trope is a speech where the words are used with a meaning different from their common signification, as a poetic use of metaphor and metonymy.This poem was originally inserted in a serial of modulations ending a liturgic song. Then the trope became an autonomous piece organized in stanza form. Troubadour (Observatoire de terminologie littéraire, Université de Limoges, France).
Some proponents of the second theory argue, on cultural grounds, that both etymologies may well be correct, and that there may have been a conscious poetic exploitation of the phonological coincidence between
trobar and the triliteral Arabic root TRB when sacred Islamic (sufi) musical forms focused on the love theme were first exported from Al-Andalus, i.e. Moorish (Islamic) Spain, to Southern Europe. It has also been pointed out that the concepts of "finding", "music", "love", "ardour", i.e. the precise semantic field attached to the word troubadour, are allied in Arabic under a single root (WJD) that plays a major role in sufic discussions of music, and that the word troubadour may in part reflect this.See
Idries Shah,
The Sufis.
The word troubadour is used to designate poet-musicians who spoke the
langue d'oc; their style spread to the trouvères in the north of France, who spoke langue d'oïl. This other form is really similar to the French verb
trouver meaning
to find, outpointing the relevance of the Latin etymology.
Works
, medieval Occitan troubadour from a 13th century manuscript of troubadour musicSome of the troubadours' works have survived, and is currently preserved in manuscripts known as
chansonniers (songbooks).Troubadours with surviving works include
Adam de la Halle, Bernart de Ventadorn, Arnaut Daniel and Jaufré Rudel.
Troubadour songs were usually
monophony. Fewer than 300 melodies out of an estimated 2500
The Grove Concise Dictionary of Music edited by Stanley Sadie. Macmillan Press Ltd., London. survive—most of which were composed by the troubadours themselves. Other troubadours set their poems to already existing pieces of music; Raimbaut de Vaqueyras wrote his
Kalenda maya (The Calends of May) to music composed by jongleurs at
Montferrat. Troubadours sing tales of bravery and stories about life and death. The most common kinds of songs that they have sang are; morning songs, political poems, dirges, and disputes. There favorite kinds of song to sing are courtly love, war, and nature.
Troubadours usually followed some form of "rules", illustrated in
Leys d'amors (compiled in
1340). The commonly used verse form of the troubadours was the
canso, consisting of five or six stanzas with an
envoi. Other variances of verse form seen in surviving works include
- Dansa, or balada, a dance song with a refrain
- Pastorela, telling the tale of the love request by a knight to a shepherdess
- alba (poetry) (morning song), lovers are warned by a watchman that morning approaches and that their spouse may discover them.
- Escondig, a lover's apology
- Gap, a challenge, similar to sports teams chants today
- Planh(plank), a lament
- Sirventes, a satire poem devised to a melody
- Descort, discordant in verse form or feeling
- Trobar clus, a cryptic poem.
- Jeu parti, tenso, partimen or débat, a poem in the form of a debate (usually on love) between two poets
The
poetical debate (Occitan literature) often extended beyond the confines of a single poem. A difficult question of love or social behaviour, raised by one poet, would frequently arouse replies and commentaries by others.
Similar art forms and artists
A complementary role was filled at the same period by performers known as
joglares in Occitan,
jongleurs in French (minstrels in English). Jongleurs are often addressed in troubadour lyrics. Their profession was that of popular entertainer; as such jongleurs sometimes performed troubadour compositions but more often other genres, notably
Chanson de geste (epic narratives).
The German
Minnesingers are closely related to, and inspired by, troubadours, but have distinctive features of their own.
Troubadou in
Haiti culture, is a form of music that preceded
Kompa and is currently going through a revival.
See also
References
External links
- Literary Encyclopedia - Troubadour
- Troubadour Poetry: An Intercultural Experience, by Said I. Abdelwahed
The Troubadour
50's coffee house in Earl's Court. Also includes a deli, gallery and club. Learn about events in the club, or make a booking for the cafe.
The Club
The Troubadour Club. Since 1954, the famous Troubadour Club has been a hotbed of emerging talent and a leading light in excellent musicianship and live music.
Troubadour Art Gallery, Manchester.
Troubadour Art Gallery, Manchester, showing the work of artists & illustrators including Gwyn Jones...
Contact Troubadour Art Gallery
Troubadour Gallery, Beech Road, Chorlton, Manchester - exhibiting professional art.
Troubadour - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
A troubadour (IPA: [tɾuβaˈðuɾ], originally [tɾuβaˈðoɾ]) was a composer and performer of Occitan lyric poetry during the High Middle Ages (1100–1350).
The Troubadour - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The Troubadour is a nightclub located in West Hollywood, California, USA, at 9081 Santa Monica Boulevard just east of Doheny Drive and the border of Beverly Hills.
Troubadour › Music served fresh since 1957
Since opening in 1957, the Troubadour has been an important starting place for many of music's most talented performers, from Elton John and James Taylor to Tom Waits and today's ...
troubadour hotel
home page of the Troubadour hotel, ventnor isle of wight bed & breakfast guest house with ensuite rooms less than 5 minutes from the sea front
troubadour contact page
Troubadour hotel isle of wight contact page telephone,email, fax ... Post to: Troubadour Hotel 24 High Street Ventnor, Isle of Wight.
eBay UK Shop - TROUBADOUR MEMORABILIA: Autographs, Signatures, Music
Buy Autographs, Signatures, Music items from TROUBADOUR MEMORABILIA eBay Shop. We sell Autographs, Vinyl cd's, T-SHIRTS, Magazines, books items on eBay.co.uk.
